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ERRγ-inducible FGF23 promotes alcoholic liver injury through enhancing CYP2E1 mediated hepatic oxidative stress

Abstract

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Authors: Yoon Seok Jung, Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan, Seddik Hammad, Sebastian Müller, Johannes Müller, Jung-Ran Noh, Jina kim, In-Kyu Lee, Sung Jin Cho, Don-Kyu Kim, Yong-Hoon Kim, Chul-Ho Lee, Steven Dooley, Hueng-Sik Choi

Date Published: 1st Mar 2024

Publication Type: Journal

EGF/STAT1 signals to maintain ECM1 expression in hepatic homeostasis are disrupted by IFNγ/NRF2 in chronic liver disease

Abstract (Expand)

Objective In healthy livers, latent transforming growth factor-β (LTGF-β) is stored in the extracellular matrix and kept quiescent by extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1). Upon damage, ECM1 is …age, ECM1 is downregulated in hepatocytes, facilitating LTGF-β activation and hepatic fibrosis. This study investigates the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ECM1 expression in the liver is controlled under patho-physiological conditions. Design In silico promoter analysis was used to predict pathways that regulate Ecm1 transcription. Functional assays were performed in AML12 cells, mouse and human primary hepatocytes (MPHs, HPHs), and in liver tissue of mice and patients. Results In healthy liver, EGF/Egfr signaling maintains Ecm1 expression through phosphorylation of Stat1 at S727, which promotes its binding to the Ecm1 gene promoter to enhance gene transcription. During liver inflammation, accumulated IFNγ interferes with EGF signaling by downregulating Egfr expression and by disrupting EGF/Egfr/Stat1-mediated Ecm1 promoter binding. Mechanistically, IFNγ induces Stat1 phosphorylation at position Y701, which is competing with the ability of p-Stat1 S727 to bind to the Ecm1 gene promoter. Additionally, IFNγ induces Nrf2 nuclear translocation and repressive binding to the Ecm1 gene promoter, thus further reducing Ecm1 expression. Importantly, patients suffering from liver cirrhosis who lack nuclear NRF2 expression consistently maintain higher levels of ECM1, inferring a better prognosis. Conclusion ECM1 expression in healthy livers is controlled by EGF/EGFR/STAT1 signaling. Upon liver injury, ECM1 expression is repressed by accumulating IFNγ/NRF2, leading to increased LTGF-β activation and the onset of hepatic fibrosis.

Authors: Yujia Li, Frederik Link, Weiguo Fan, Zeribe C. Nwosu, Weronika Pioronska, Kerry Gould, Christoph Meyer, Ye Yao, Seddik Hammad, Rilu Feng, Hui Liu, Chen Shao, Bing Sun, Huiguo Ding, Roman Liebe, Matthias P. A. Ebert, Hong-Lei Weng, Peter ten Dijke, Steven Dooley, Sai Wang

Date Published: 19th Feb 2024

Publication Type: Journal

TGFβR1 inhibition drives hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation through induction of toll‐like‐receptor signalling

Abstract (Expand)

Abstract Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and toll‐like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to independently modulate the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since a direct cross‐talk between … (HCC). Since a direct cross‐talk between these two signalling pathways in HCC has not been clearly described before, we aimed here to explore the possibility of such interaction. A human HCC tissue array ( n  = 20 vs. four control samples), human HCC samples ( n  = 10) and steatohepatitis‐driven murine HCC samples (control, NASH and HCC; n  = 6/group) were immunostained for TGFβR1, pSMAD2, TRAF6, IRAK1 and PCNA. The results were confirmed by immunoblotting. Effects of constant activation of the SMAD pathway by constitutive expression of ALK5 or knockdown of mediators of TLR signalling, IRAK1 and MyD88, on HCC proliferation, were investigated in the HCC cell line (HUH‐7) after treatment with TGFβ1 cytokine or TGFβR1 kinase inhibitor (LY2157299) using PCNA and MTS assay. TGFβR1 expression is decreased in human and murine HCC and associated with downregulated pSMAD2, but increased IRAK1, TRAF6 and PCNA staining. TGFβR1 kinase inhibition abolished the cytostatic effects of TGFβ1 and led to the induction of IRAK1, pIRAK1 and elevated mRNA levels of TLR‐9. Overexpression of ALK5 and knockdown of MyD88 or IRAK1 augmented the cytostatic effects of TGFβ1 on HUH‐7. In another epithelial HCC cell line, that is, HepG2, TGFβR1 kinase inhibitor similarly elevated cellular proliferation. There is a balance between the canonical SMAD‐driven tumour‐suppressing arm and the non‐canonical tumour‐promoting arm of TGFβ signalling. Disruption of this balance, by inhibition of the canonical pathway, induces HCC proliferation through TLR signalling.

Authors: Fatma El Zahraa Ammar Mohamed, Bedair Dewidar, Tao Lin, Matthias P. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Nadja M. Meindl‐Beinker, Seddik Hammad

Date Published: 8th Feb 2024

Publication Type: Journal

ECM1-Mediated Inhibition of Protease-Induced LTGF-β1 Activation in Chronic Liver Disease: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

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Authors: Frederik Link, Yujia Li, Jieling Zhao, Stefan Munker, Weiguo Fan, Zeribe Nwosu, Ye Yao, Seddik Hammad, Roman Liebe, Peter ten Dijke, Honglei Weng, Matthias Ebert, Drik Drasdo, Steven Dooley, Sai Wang

Date Published: 2024

Publication Type: Journal

Reciprocal Inhibitory Regulation of TGF-β1 Signaling and Cholesterol Metabolism in Hepatocytes

Abstract

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Authors: Sai Wang, Frederik Link, Mei Han, Roohi Chaudhary, Anastasia Asimakopoulos, Roman Liebe, Ye Yao, Seddik Hammad, Anne Dropmann, Marinela Krizanac, Matthias Ebert, Ralf Weiskirchen, Yoav I. Henis, Marcelo Ehrlich, Steven Dooley

Date Published: 2024

Publication Type: InProceedings

The Interplay of TGF-β1 and Cholesterol Orchestrating Hepatocyte Cell Fate, EMT, and Signals for HSC Activation

Abstract

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Authors: Sai Wang, Frederik Link, Mei Han, Roohi Chaudhary, Anastasia Asimakopoulos, Roman Liebe, Ye Yao, Seddik Hammad, Anne Dropmann, Marinela Krizanac, Claudia Rubie, Laura Kim Feiner, Matthias Glanemann, Matthias P.A. Ebert, Ralf Weiskirchen, Yoav I. Henis, Marcelo Ehrlich, Steven Dooley

Date Published: 2024

Publication Type: Journal

Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 Attenuates Hepatic Fibrosis by Inhibiting TSP-, ADAMTS-, and MMP-Mediated Latent TGF-β1 Activation

Abstract (Expand)

Abstract Objective Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 ( Ecm1 ) knockout results in latent transforming growth factor-β1 (LTGF-β1) activation and hepatic fibrosis with rapid mortality in mice. In chronic …ctor-β1 (LTGF-β1) activation and hepatic fibrosis with rapid mortality in mice. In chronic liver disease (CLD), ECM1 is gradually lost with increasing CLD severity. We investigated the underlying mechanism and its impact on CLD progression. Design RNAseq was performed to analyze gene expression in the liver. Functional assays were performed using hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), WT and Ecm1 -KO mice, and liver tissue. Computer modeling was used to verify experimental findings. Results RNAseq shows that expression of thrombospondins (TSPs), ADAMTS proteases, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) increases along with TGF-β1 target, pro-fibrotic genes in liver tissue of Ecm1 -KO mice. In LX-2 or primary human HSCs, ECM1 prevented TSP-1-, ADAMTS1-, and MMP-2/9-mediated LTGF-β1 activation. I n vitro interaction assays demonstrated that ECM1 inhibited LTGF-β1 activation through interacting with TSP-1 and ADAMTS1 via their respective, intrinsic KRFK or KTFR amino acid sequences, while also blunting MMP-2/9 proteolytic activity. In mice, AAV8-mediated ECM1 overexpression attenuated KRFK-induced LTGF-β1 activation and fibrosis, while KTFR reversed Ecm1 -KO-induced liver injury. Furthermore, a correlation between decreasing ECM1 and increasing protease expression and LTGF-β1 activation was found in CLD patients. A computational model validated the impact of restoring ECM1 on reducing LTGF-β1 activation, HSC activation, and collagen deposition in the liver. Conclusion Our findings underscore the hepatoprotective effect of ECM1, which inhibits protease-mediated LTGF-β1 activation, suggesting that preventing its decrease or restoring ECM1 function in the liver could serve as a novel and safer than direct TGF-β1-directed therapies in CLD. One sentence summary ECM1 loss fails to prevent TSP/ADAMTS/MMP-mediated LTGF-β1 activation, leading to liver fibrosis progression.

Authors: Frederik Link, Yujia Li, Jieling Zhao, Stefan Munker, Weiguo Fan, Zeribe Nwosu, Ye Yao, Seddik Hammad, Roman Liebe, Hui Liu, Chen Shao, Bing Sun, Natalie J. Török, Huiguo Ding, Matthias P. A. Ebert, Hong-Lei Weng, Peter ten Dijke, Dirk Drasdo, Steven Dooley, Sai Wang

Date Published: 12th Dec 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Tolerance of repeated toxic injuries of murine livers is associated with steatosis and inflammation

Abstract (Expand)

Abstract The human liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate and thus compensate over decades for fibrosis caused by toxic chemicals, drugs, alcohol, or malnutrition. To date, no protective mechanisms …rition. To date, no protective mechanisms have been identified that help the liver tolerate these repeated injuries. In this study, we revealed dysregulation of lipid metabolism and mild inflammation as protective mechanisms by studying longitudinal multi-omic measurements of liver fibrosis induced by repeated CCl 4 injections in mice ( n  = 45). Based on comprehensive proteomics, transcriptomics, blood- and tissue-level profiling, we uncovered three phases of early disease development—initiation, progression, and tolerance. Using novel multi-omic network analysis, we identified multi-level mechanisms that are significantly dysregulated in the injury-tolerant response. Public data analysis shows that these profiles are altered in human liver diseases, including fibrosis and early cirrhosis stages. Our findings mark the beginning of the tolerance phase as the critical switching point in liver response to repetitive toxic doses. After fostering extracellular matrix accumulation as an acute response, we observe a deposition of tiny lipid droplets in hepatocytes only in the Tolerant phase. Our comprehensive study shows that lipid metabolism and mild inflammation may serve as biomarkers and are putative functional requirements to resist further disease progression.

Authors: Seddik Hammad, Christoph Ogris, Amnah Othman, Pia Erdoesi, Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck, Ina Biermayer, Barbara Helm, Yan Gao, Weronika Piorońska, Christian H. Holland, Lorenza A. D’Alessandro, Carolina de la Torre, Carsten Sticht, Sherin Al Aoua, Fabian J. Theis, Heike Bantel, Matthias P. Ebert, Ursula Klingmüller, Jan G. Hengstler, Steven Dooley, Nikola S. Mueller

Date Published: 1st Jul 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Acute liver injury induces expression of FGF23 in hepatocytes via orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ signaling

Abstract

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Authors: Yoon Seok Jung, Yong-Hoon Kim, Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan, Jung-Ran Noh, Jung Hyeon Choi, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jae-Ho Jeong, Steven Dooley, Chul-Ho Lee, Hueng-Sik Choi

Date Published: 1st May 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Digital twin demonstrates significance of biomechanical growth control in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy

Abstract

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Authors: Stefan Hoehme, Seddik Hammad, Jan Boettger, Brigitte Begher-Tibbe, Petru Bucur, Eric Vibert, Rolf Gebhardt, Jan G. Hengstler, Dirk Drasdo

Date Published: 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Capsaicin receptor TRPV1 maintains quiescence of hepatic stellate cells in the liver via recruitment of SARM1

Abstract

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Authors: Le Tao, Guangyue Yang, Tiantian Sun, Jie Tao, Chan Zhu, Huimin Yu, Yalan Cheng, Zongguo Yang, Mingyi Xu, Yuefeng Jiang, Wei Zhang, Zhiyi Wang, Wenting Ma, Liu Wu, Dongying Xue, Dongxue Wang, Wentao Yang, Yongjuan Zhao, Shane Horsefield, Bostjan Kobe, Zhe Zhang, Zongxiang Tang, Qigen Li, Qiwei Zhai, Steven Dooley, Ekihiro Seki, Ping Liu, Jianrong Xu, Hongzhuan Chen, Cheng Liu

Date Published: 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Hepatocytes reprogram liver macrophages involving control of TGF-β activation, influencing liver regeneration and injury

Abstract (Expand)

Background: Macrophages play an important role in maintaining liver homeostasis and regeneration. However, it is not clear to what extent the different macrophage populations of the liver differ in … terms of their activation state and which other liver cell populations may play a role in regulating the same. Methods: Reverse transcription PCR, flow cytometry, transcriptome, proteome, secretome, single cell analysis, and immunohistochemical methods were used to study changes in gene expression as well as the activation state of macrophages in vitro and in vivo under homeostatic conditions and after partial hepatectomy. Results: We show that F4/80+/CD11bhi/CD14hi macrophages of the liver are recruited in a C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR2)–dependent manner and exhibit an activation state that differs substantially from that of the other liver macrophage populations, which can be distinguished on the basis of CD11b and CD14 expressions. Thereby, primary hepatocytes are capable of creating an environment in vitro that elicits the same specific activation state in bone marrow–derived macrophages as observed in F4/80+/CD11bhi/CD14hi liver macrophages in vivo. Subsequent analyses, including studies in mice with a myeloid cell–specific deletion of the TGF-β type II receptor, suggest that the availability of activated TGF-β and its downregulation by a hepatocyte-conditioned milieu are critical. Reduction of TGF-βRII-mediated signal transduction in myeloid cells leads to upregulation of IL-6, IL-10, and SIGLEC1 expression, a hallmark of the activation state of F4/80+/CD11bhi/CD14hi macrophages, and enhances liver regeneration. Conclusions: The availability of activated TGF-β determines the activation state of specific macrophage populations in the liver, and the observed rapid transient activation of TGF-β may represent an important regulatory mechanism in the early phase of liver regeneration in this context.

Authors: Stephanie D. Wolf, Christian Ehlting, Sophia Müller-Dott, Gereon Poschmann, Patrick Petzsch, Tobias Lautwein, Sai Wang, Barbara Helm, Marcel Schilling, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Mihael Vucur, Kai Stühler, Karl Köhrer, Frank Tacke, Steven Dooley, Ursula Klingmüller, Tom Luedde, Johannes G. Bode

Date Published: 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Retinoic acid generates a beneficial microenvironment for liver progenitor cell activation in acute liver failure

Abstract

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Authors: Sai Wang, Frederik Link, Rilu Feng, Stefan Munker, Yujia Li, Roman Liebe, Matthias P. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Huiguo Ding, Shanshan Wang, Honglei Weng

Date Published: 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Monitoring TGF-β1 effects on liver cells in vivo

Abstract

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Authors: Alaa Hammad, Seddik Hammad, Kerry Gould, Matthias P. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Anne Dropmann

Date Published: 2023

Publication Type: Journal

Repeated toxic injuries of murine liver are tolerated through minute steatosis and mild inflammation

Abstract

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Authors: Seddik Hammad, Christoph Ogris, Amnah Othman, Pia Erdoesi, Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck, Ina Biermayer, Barbara Helm, Yan Gao, Weronika Piorońska, Lorenza D'Alessandro, Fabian J. Theis, Matthias P. Ebert, Ursula Klingmüller, Jan Hengstler, Nikola S. Mueller, Steven Dooley

Date Published: 2023

Publication Type: Journal

A hierarchical regulatory network ensures stable albumin transcription under various pathophysiological conditions

Abstract

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Authors: Rilu Feng, Kejia Kan, Carsten Sticht, Yujia Li, Shanshan Wang, Hui Liu, Chen Shao, Stefan Munker, Hanno Niess, Sai Wang, Christoph Meyer, Roman Liebe, Matthias P. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Huiguo Ding, Honglei Weng

Date Published: 1st Dec 2022

Publication Type: Journal

FOXA2 prevents hyperbilirubinaemia in acute liver failure by maintaining apical MRP2 expression

Abstract (Expand)

Objective Multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) is a bottleneck in bilirubin excretion. Its loss is sufficient to induce hyperbilirubinaemia, a prevailing characteristic of acute liver failure (ALF) … characteristic of acute liver failure (ALF) that is closely associated with clinical outcome. This study scrutinises the transcriptional regulation of MRP2 under different pathophysiological conditions. Design Hepatic MRP2, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Forkhead box A2 (FOXA2) expression and clinicopathologic associations were examined by immunohistochemistry in 14 patients with cirrhosis and 22 patients with ALF. MRP2 regulatory mechanisms were investigated in primary hepatocytes, Fxr −/− mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Results Physiologically, homeostatic MRP2 transcription is mediated by the nuclear receptor FXR/retinoid X receptor complex. Fxr −/− mice lack apical MRP2 expression and rapidly progress into hyperbilirubinaemia. In patients with ALF, hepatic FXR expression is undetectable, however, patients without infection maintain apical MRP2 expression and do not suffer from hyperbilirubinaemia. These patients express FOXA2 in hepatocytes. FOXA2 upregulates MRP2 transcription through binding to its promoter. Physiologically, nuclear FOXA2 translocation is inhibited by insulin. In ALF, high levels of glucagon and tumour necrosis factor α induce FOXA2 expression and nuclear translocation in hepatocytes. Impressively, ALF patients with sepsis express low levels of FOXA2, lose MRP2 expression and develop severe hyperbilirubinaemia. In this case, LPS inhibits FXR expression, induces FOXA2 nuclear exclusion and thus abrogates the compensatory MRP2 upregulation. In both Fxr −/− and LPS-treated mice, ectopic FOXA2 expression restored apical MRP2 expression and normalised serum bilirubin levels. Conclusion FOXA2 replaces FXR to maintain MRP2 expression in ALF without sepsis. Ectopic FOXA2 expression to maintain MRP2 represents a potential strategy to prevent hyperbilirubinaemia in septic ALF.

Authors: Sai Wang, Rilu Feng, Shan Shan Wang, Hui Liu, Chen Shao, Yujia Li, Frederik Link, Stefan Munker, Roman Liebe, Christoph Meyer, Elke Burgermeister, Matthias Ebert, Steven Dooley, Huiguo Ding, Honglei Weng

Date Published: 20th Apr 2022

Publication Type: Journal

Follistatin‐controlled activin‐HNF4α‐coagulation factor axis in liver progenitor cells determines outcome of acute liver failure

Abstract

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Authors: Tao Lin, Shanshan Wang, Stefan Munker, Kyounghwa Jung, Ricardo U. Macías‐Rodríguez, Astrid Ruiz‐Margáin, Robert Schierwagen, Hui Liu, Chen Shao, Chunlei Fan, Rilu Feng, Xiaodong Yuan, Sai Wang, Franziska Wandrer, Christoph Meyer, Ralf Wimmer, Roman Liebe, Jens Kroll, Long Zhang, Tobias Schiergens, Peter ten Dijke, Andreas Teufel, Alexander Marx, Peter R. Mertens, Hua Wang, Matthias P.A. Ebert, Heike Bantel, Enrico De Toni, Jonel Trebicka, Steven Dooley, Donghun Shin, Huiguo Ding, Hong‐Lei Weng

Date Published: 1st Feb 2022

Publication Type: Journal

Transforming growth factor β latency: A mechanism of cytokine storage and signalling regulation in liver homeostasis and disease

Abstract

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Authors: Yujia Li, Weiguo Fan, Frederik Link, Sai Wang, Steven Dooley

Date Published: 1st Feb 2022

Publication Type: Journal

Cold shock protein YB-1 upregulates MDR1 transcription and thus contributes to cholangiocarcinoma chemoresistance to cisplatin

Abstract

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Authors: Tao Lin, Heng Liu, Jon Lindquist, Peter Mertens, Matthias Ebert, Steven Dooley, Jun Li, Stefan Munker, Honglei Weng

Date Published: 2022

Publication Type: Journal

Downregulation of ECM1 in hepatocytes as a damage response to liver injury

Abstract

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Authors: Yujia Li, Weronika Pioronska, Zeribe Nwosu, Weiguo Fan, MatthiasP.A. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Sai Wang

Date Published: 2022

Publication Type: Journal

FOXA2 inhibits hyperbilirubinemia through maintaining apical MRP2 expression in acute liver failure

Abstract

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Authors: Sai Wang, Rilu Feng, Shanshan Wang, Hui Liu, Chen Shao, Yujia Li, Link Frederik, Stefan Munker, Roman Liebe, Christoph Meyer, Elke Burgermeister, Matthias Ebert, Steven Dooley, Huiguo Ding, Honglei Weng

Date Published: 2022

Publication Type: Journal

Insulin-controlled C/EBPα expression determines the impact of TGF-β on HNF4α transcription in hepatocytes

Abstract

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Authors: Rilu Feng, Carsten Sticht, Kejia Kan, Stefan Munker, MatthiasP. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Hong-Lei Weng

Date Published: 2022

Publication Type: Journal

Spatio-Temporal Multiscale Analysis of Western Diet-Fed Mice Reveals a Translationally Relevant Sequence of Events during NAFLD Progression

Abstract (Expand)

Mouse models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are required to define therapeutic targets, but detailed time-resolved studies to establish a sequence of events are lacking. Here, we fed male …e, we fed male C57Bl/6N mice a Western or standard diet over 48 weeks. Multiscale time-resolved characterization was performed using RNA-seq, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, intravital imaging, and blood chemistry; the results were compared to human disease. Acetaminophen toxicity and ammonia metabolism were additionally analyzed as functional readouts. We identified a sequence of eight key events: formation of lipid droplets; inflammatory foci; lipogranulomas; zonal reorganization; cell death and replacement proliferation; ductular reaction; fibrogenesis; and hepatocellular cancer. Functional changes included resistance to acetaminophen and altered nitrogen metabolism. The transcriptomic landscape was characterized by two large clusters of monotonously increasing or decreasing genes, and a smaller number of ‘rest-and-jump genes’ that initially remained unaltered but became differentially expressed only at week 12 or later. Approximately 30% of the genes altered in human NAFLD are also altered in the present mouse model and an increasing overlap with genes altered in human HCC occurred at weeks 30–48. In conclusion, the observed sequence of events recapitulates many features of human disease and offers a basis for the identification of therapeutic targets.

Authors: Ahmed Ghallab, Maiju Myllys, Adrian Friebel, Julia Duda, Karolina Edlund, Emina Halilbasic, Mihael Vucur, Zaynab Hobloss, Lisa Brackhagen, Brigitte Begher-Tibbe, Reham Hassan, Michael Burke, Erhan Genc, Lynn Johann Frohwein, Ute Hofmann, Christian H. Holland, Daniela González, Magdalena Keller, Abdel-latif Seddek, Tahany Abbas, Elsayed S. I. Mohammed, Andreas Teufel, Timo Itzel, Sarah Metzler, Rosemarie Marchan, Cristina Cadenas, Carsten Watzl, Michael A. Nitsche, Franziska Kappenberg, Tom Luedde, Thomas Longerich, Jörg Rahnenführer, Stefan Hoehme, Michael Trauner, Jan G. Hengstler

Date Published: 1st Oct 2021

Publication Type: Journal

Transcriptomic Cross‐Species Analysis of Chronic Liver Disease Reveals Consistent Regulation Between Humans and Mice

Abstract

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Authors: Christian H. Holland, Ricardo O. Ramirez Flores, Maiju Myllys, Reham Hassan, Karolina Edlund, Ute Hofmann, Rosemarie Marchan, Cristina Cadenas, Jörg Reinders, Stefan Hoehme, Abdel‐latif Seddek, Steven Dooley, Verena Keitel, Patricio Godoy, Brigitte Begher‐Tibbe, Christian Trautwein, Christian Rupp, Sebastian Mueller, Thomas Longerich, Jan G. Hengstler, Julio Saez‐Rodriguez, Ahmed Ghallab

Date Published: 28th Aug 2021

Publication Type: Journal

Data-driven personalization of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for caffeine: A systematic assessment

Abstract (Expand)

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been proposed as a tool for more accurate individual pharmacokinetic (PK) predictions and model-informed precision dosing, but their application … in clinical practice is still rare. This study systematically assesses the benefit of using individual patient information to improve PK predictions. A PBPK model of caffeine was stepwise personalized by using individual data on (1) demography, (2) physiology, and (3) cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 phenotype of 48 healthy volunteers participating in a single-dose clinical study. Model performance was benchmarked against a caffeine base model simulated with parameters of an average individual. In the first step, virtual twins were generated based on the study subjects' demography (height, weight, age, sex), which implicated the rescaling of average organ volumes and blood flows. The accuracy of PK simulations improved compared with the base model. The percentage of predictions within 0.8-fold to 1.25-fold of the observed values increased from 45.8% (base model) to 57.8% (Step 1). However, setting physiological parameters (liver blood flow determined by magnetic resonance imaging, glomerular filtration rate, hematocrit) to measured values in the second step did not further improve the simulation result (59.1% in the 1.25-fold range). In the third step, virtual twins matching individual demography, physiology, and CYP1A2 activity considerably improved the simulation results. The percentage of data within the 1.25-fold range was 66.15%. This case study shows that individual PK profiles can be predicted more accurately by considering individual attributes and that personalized PBPK models could be a valuable tool for model-informed precision dosing approaches in the future.

Authors: Rebekka Fendt, Ute Hofmann, Annika Schneider, Elke Schaeffeler, Rolf Burghaus, Ali Yilmaz, Lars Mathias Blank, Reinhold Kerb, Jan-Frederik Schlender, Matthias Schwab, Lars Kuepfer

Date Published: 30th May 2021

Publication Type: Journal

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells suppress BMP2 production in response to TGFβ pathway activation

Abstract

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Authors: Silvia Colucci, Sandro Altamura, Oriana Marques, Anne Dropmann, Natalie K. Horvat, Katja Müdder, Seddik Hammad, Steven Dooley, Martina U. Muckenthaler

Date Published: 13th May 2021

Publication Type: Journal

Unexpected Pro-Fibrotic Effect of MIF in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Is Linked to a Shift in NKT Cell Populations

Abstract (Expand)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine with anti-fibrotic properties in toxic liver injury models and anti-steatotic functions in non-alcoholic fatty liver … disease (NAFLD) attributed to the CD74/AMPK signaling pathway. As NAFLD progression is associated with fibrosis, we studied MIF function during NAFLD-associated liver fibrogenesis in mice and men by molecular, histological and immunological methods in vitro and in vivo. After NASH diet feeding, hepatic Mif expression was strongly induced, an effect which was absent in Mif∆hep mice. In contrast to hepatotoxic fibrosis models, NASH diet-induced fibrogenesis was significantly abrogated in Mif−/− and Mif∆hep mice associated with a reduced accumulation of the pro-fibrotic type-I NKT cell subpopulation. In vitro, MIF skewed the differentiation of NKT cells towards the type-I subtype. In line with the murine results, expression of fibrosis markers strongly correlated with MIF, its receptors, and markers of NKT type-I cells in NASH patients. We conclude that MIF expression is induced during chronic metabolic injury in mice and men with hepatocytes representing the major source. In NAFLD progression, MIF contributes to liver fibrogenesis skewing NKT cell polarization toward a pro-fibrotic phenotype highlighting the complex, context-dependent role of MIF during chronic liver injury.

Authors: D. Heinrichs, E. F. Brandt, P. Fischer, Janine Koehncke, Theresa H. Wirtz, N. Guldiken, S. Djudjaj, P. Boor, D.Kroy, R. Weiskirchen, Richard Bucala, H.E. Wasmuth, P. Strnad, Christian Trautwein, J. Bernhagen, M. L. Berres

Date Published: 28th Jan 2021

Publication Type: Journal

Robustness and applicability of transcription factor and pathway analysis tools on single-cell RNA-seq data

Abstract (Expand)

Background Many functional analysis tools have been developed to extract functional and mechanistic insight from bulk transcriptome data. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), it … is in principle possible to do such an analysis for single cells. However, scRNA-seq data has characteristics such as drop-out events and low library sizes. It is thus not clear if functional TF and pathway analysis tools established for bulk sequencing can be applied to scRNA-seq in a meaningful way. Results To address this question, we perform benchmark studies on simulated and real scRNA-seq data. We include the bulk-RNA tools PROGENy, GO enrichment, and DoRothEA that estimate pathway and transcription factor (TF) activities, respectively, and compare them against the tools SCENIC/AUCell and metaVIPER, designed for scRNA-seq. For the in silico study, we simulate single cells from TF/pathway perturbation bulk RNA-seq experiments. We complement the simulated data with real scRNA-seq data upon CRISPR-mediated knock-out. Our benchmarks on simulated and real data reveal comparable performance to the original bulk data. Additionally, we show that the TF and pathway activities preserve cell type-specific variability by analyzing a mixture sample sequenced with 13 scRNA-seq protocols. We also provide the benchmark data for further use by the community. Conclusions Our analyses suggest that bulk-based functional analysis tools that use manually curated footprint gene sets can be applied to scRNA-seq data, partially outperforming dedicated single-cell tools. Furthermore, we find that the performance of functional analysis tools is more sensitive to the gene sets than to the statistic used.

Authors: Christian H. Holland, Jovan Tanevski, Javier Perales-Patón, Jan Gleixner, Manu P. Kumar, Elisabetta Mereu, Brian A. Joughin, Oliver Stegle, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, Holger Heyn, Bence Szalai, Julio Saez-Rodriguez

Date Published: 1st Dec 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Balance between macrophage migration inhibitory factor and sCD74 predicts outcome in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis

Abstract

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Authors: Theresa H. Wirtz, Philipp A. Reuken, Christian Jansen, Petra Fischer, Irina Bergmann, Christina Backhaus, Christoph Emontzpohl, Johanna Reißing, Elisa F. Brandt, M. Teresa Koenen, Kai M. Schneider, Robert Schierwagen, Maximilian J. Brol, Johannes Chang, Henning W. Zimmermann, Nilay Köse-Vogel, Thomas Eggermann, Ingo Kurth, Christian Stoppe, Richard Bucala, Jürgen Bernhagen, Michael Praktiknjo, Andreas Stallmach, Christian Trautwein, Jonel Trebicka, Tony Bruns, Marie-Luise Berres

Date Published: 1st Dec 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Simulation of a detoxifying organ function: Focus on hemodynamics modeling and convection-reaction numerical simulation in microcirculatory networks.

Abstract (Expand)

When modeling a detoxifying organ function, an important component is the impact of flow on the metabolism of a compound of interest carried by the blood. We here study the effects of red blood cells … (such as the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect and plasma skimming) on blood flow in typical microcirculatory components such as tubes, bifurcations and entire networks, with particular emphasis on the liver as important representative of detoxifying organs. In one of the plasma skimming models, under certain conditions, oscillations between states are found and analyzed in a methodical study to identify their causes and influencing parameters. The flow solution obtained is then used to define the velocity at which a compound would be transported. A convection-reaction equation is studied to simulate the transport of a compound in blood and its uptake by the surrounding cells. Different types of signal sharpness have to be handled depending on the application to address different temporal compound concentration profiles. To permit executing the studied models numerically stable and accurate, we here extend existing transport schemes to handle converging bifurcations, and more generally multi-furcations. We study the accuracy of different numerical schemes as well as the effect of reactions and of the network itself on the bolus shape. Even though this study is guided by applications in liver micro-architecture, the proposed methodology is general and can readily be applied to other capillary network geometries, hence to other organs or to bioengineered network designs.

Authors: N. Boissier, D. Drasdo, I. E. Vignon-Clementel

Date Published: 29th Nov 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Orphan Nuclear Receptor ERRγ Is a Novel Transcriptional Regulator of IL-6 Mediated Hepatic BMP6 Gene Expression in Mice

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan, Yong-Hoon Kim, Yoon Seok Jung, Jina Kim, Don-Kyu Kim, Sung Jin Cho, In-Kyu Lee, Steven Dooley, Chul-Ho Lee, Hueng-Sik Choi

Date Published: 1st Oct 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Hepatocyte-specific NRF2 activation controls fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in steatohepatitis

Abstract (Expand)

Background & Aims Inflammation in chronic liver diseases induces oxidative stress and thus may contribute to progression of liver injury, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. The KEAP1/NRF2 axis is a major … regulator of cellular redox balance. In the present study, we investigated whether the KEAP1/NRF2 system is involved in liver disease progression in human and mice. Methods The clinical relevance of oxidative stress was investigated in a well-characterized cohort of NAFLD patients (n=63) by liver RNA sequencing and correlated with histological and clinical parameters. For functional analysis hepatocyte-specific NEMO knock-out (NEMO Δhepa) mice were crossed with hepatocyte-specific KEAP1 knock-out (KEAP1 Δhepa) mice. Results Immunohistochemical analysis of human liver sections showed increased oxidative stress and high NRF2 expression in patients with chronic liver disease. RNA sequencing of liver samples in a human pediatric NAFLD cohort revealed a significant increase of NRF2 activation correlating with the grade of inflammation, but not with the grade of steatosis, which could be confirmed in a second adult NASH cohort. In mice, microarray analysis revealed that KEAP1 deletion induces NRF2 target genes involved in glutathione metabolism and xenobiotic stress (e.g., Nqo1). Furthermore, deficiency of one of the most important antioxidants, glutathione (GSH), in NEMO Δhepa livers was rescued after deleting KEAP1. As a consequence, NEMO Δhepa/KEAP1 Δhepa livers showed reduced apoptosis compared to NEMO Δhepa livers as well as a dramatic downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA replication. Consequently, NEMO Δhepa/KEAP1 Δhepa compared to NEMO Δhepa livers displayed decreased fibrogenesis, lower tumor incidence, reduced tumor number, and decreased tumor size. Conclusions NRF2 activation in NASH patients correlates with the grade of inflammation, but not steatosis. Functional analysis in mice demonstrated that NRF2 activation in chronic liver disease is protective by ameliorating fibrogenesis, initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Authors: Antje Mohs, Tobias Otto, Kai Markus Schneider, Mona Peltzer, Mark Boekschoten, Christian H. Holland, Christian A. Hudert, Laura Kalveram, Susanna Wiegand, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Thomas Longerich, Jan G. Hengstler, Christian Trautwein

Date Published: 1st Oct 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Expression of TLR-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with tumour proliferation, angiogenesis and Caspase-3 expression

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Fatma El-Zahraa Ammar Mohamed, Seddik Hammad, Tu Vinh Luong, Bedair Dewidar, Rajai Al-Jehani, Nathan Davies, Steven Dooley, Rajiv Jalan

Date Published: 1st Aug 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Expression of TLR-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with tumour proliferation, angiogenesis and Caspase-3 expression.

Abstract (Expand)

AIMS: Unlike other Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the role of toll like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well studied. We, therefore, … set out to investigate the expression of TLR-2 in different chronic liver disease states along with other markers of cell death, cellular proliferation and tissue vascularisation METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry was performed on liver tissue microarrays comprising hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC patient samples using antibodies against TLR-2, Ki-67, Caspase-3 and VEGF. This was done in order to characterise receptor expression and translocation, apoptosis, cell proliferation and vascularisation. Cytoplasmic TLR-2 expression was found to be weak in 5/8 normal liver cases, 10/19 hepatitis cases and 8/21 cirrhosis patients. Moderate to strong TLR-2 expression was observed in some cases of hepatitis and cirrhosis. Both, nuclear and cytoplasmic TLR-2 expression was present in HCC with weak intensity in 11/41 cases, and moderate to strong staining in 19/41 cases. Eleven HCC cases were TLR-2 negative. Surprisingly, both cytoplasmic and nuclear TLR-2 expression in HCC were found to significantly correlate with proliferative index (r = 0.24 and 0.37), Caspase-3 expression (r = 0.27 and 0.38) and vascularisation (r = 0.56 and 0.23). Further, nuclear TLR-2 localisation was predominant in HCC, whereas cytoplasmic expression was more prevalent in hepatitis and cirrhosis. Functionally, treatment of HUH7 HCC cells with a TLR-2 agonist induced the expression of cellular proliferation and vascularisation markers CD34 and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a positive correlation between the expression of TLR-2 and other markers of proliferation and vascularisation in HCC which suggests a possible role for TLR-2 in HCC pathogenesis.

Authors: F. E. A. Mohamed, S. Hammad, T. V. Luong, B. Dewidar, R. Al-Jehani, N. Davies, S. Dooley, R. Jalan

Date Published: 25th Jul 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Disentangling molecular mechanisms regulating sensitization of interferon alpha signal transduction.

Abstract (Expand)

Tightly interlinked feedback regulators control the dynamics of intracellular responses elicited by the activation of signal transduction pathways. Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) orchestrates antiviral … responses in hepatocytes, yet mechanisms that define pathway sensitization in response to prestimulation with different IFNalpha doses remained unresolved. We establish, based on quantitative measurements obtained for the hepatoma cell line Huh7.5, an ordinary differential equation model for IFNalpha signal transduction that comprises the feedback regulators STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, USP18, SOCS1, SOCS3, and IRF2. The model-based analysis shows that, mediated by the signaling proteins STAT2 and IRF9, prestimulation with a low IFNalpha dose hypersensitizes the pathway. In contrast, prestimulation with a high dose of IFNalpha leads to a dose-dependent desensitization, mediated by the negative regulators USP18 and SOCS1 that act at the receptor. The analysis of basal protein abundance in primary human hepatocytes reveals high heterogeneity in patient-specific amounts of STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and USP18. The mathematical modeling approach shows that the basal amount of USP18 determines patient-specific pathway desensitization, while the abundance of STAT2 predicts the patient-specific IFNalpha signal response.

Authors: F. Kok, M. Rosenblatt, M. Teusel, T. Nizharadze, V. Goncalves Magalhaes, C. Dachert, T. Maiwald, A. Vlasov, M. Wasch, S. Tyufekchieva, K. Hoffmann, G. Damm, D. Seehofer, T. Boettler, M. Binder, J. Timmer, M. Schilling, U. Klingmuller

Date Published: 23rd Jul 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Lipid-encapsulated siRNA for hepatocyte-directed treatment of advanced liver disease

Abstract (Expand)

Lipid-based RNA nanocarriers have been recently accepted as a novel therapeutic option in humans, thus increasing the therapeutic options for patients. Tailored nanomedicines will enable to treat chronic … liver disease (CLD) and end-stage liver cancer, disorders with high mortality and few treatment options. Here, we investigated the curative potential of gene therapy of a key molecule in CLD, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2 (Jnk2). Delivery to hepatocytes was achieved using a lipid-based clinically employable siRNA formulation that includes a cationic aminolipid to knockdown Jnk2 (named siJnk2). After assessing the therapeutic potential of siJnk2 treatment, non-invasive imaging demonstrated reduced apoptotic cell death and improved hepatocarcinogenesis was evidenced by improved liver parenchyma as well as ameliorated markers of hepatic damage, reduced fibrogenesis in 1-year-old mice. Strikingly, chronic siJnk2 treatment reduced premalignant nodules, indicative of tumor initiation. Furthermore, siJnk2 treatment led to a significant activation of the immune cell compartment. In conclusion, Jnk2 knockdown in hepatocytes ameliorated hepatitis, fibrogenesis, and initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and hence might be a suitable therapeutic option, to define novel molecular targets for precision medicine in CLD.

Authors: Marius Maximilian Woitok, Miguel Eugenio Zoubek, Dennis Doleschel, Matthias Bartneck, Mohamed Ramadan Mohamed, Fabian Kießling, Wiltrud Lederle, Christian Trautwein, Francisco Javier Cubero

Date Published: 1st May 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Caveolin-1 Impacts on TGF-beta Regulation of Metabolic Gene Signatures in Hepatocytes.

Abstract (Expand)

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a membrane protein associated with metabolism in various cell types. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a pro-fibrogenic cytokine in the liver, but its metabolic … gene signatures remain unclear to date. We have previously shown that CAV1 alters TGF-beta signaling and blocks its pro-apoptotic function. Here, we defined TGF-beta-induced metabolic gene signatures in hepatocytes and assessed whether CAV1 abundance affects TGF-beta control of those metabolic genes. Microarray analyses of primary hepatocytes after TGF-beta stimulation (48 h) showed differential expression of 4224 genes, of which 721 are metabolic genes (adjusted p < 0.001). Functional annotation analysis revealed that TGF-beta mainly suppresses metabolic gene network, including genes involved in glutathione, cholesterol, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism. TGF-beta also upregulated several genes related to glycan metabolism and ion transport. In contrast to TGF-beta effects, CAV1 knockdown triggered the upregulation of metabolic genes. Immortalized mouse hepatocytes (AML12 cells) were used to validate the gene changes induced by TGF-beta stimulation and CAV1 knockdown. Noteworthy, of the TGF-beta metabolic target genes, CAV1 modulated the expression of 228 (27%). In conclusion, we present several novel metabolic gene signatures of TGF-beta in hepatocytes and show that CAV1 abundance alters almost a third of these genes. These findings could enable a better understanding of TGF-beta function in normal and diseased liver especially where differential CAV1 level is implicated.

Authors: M. Han, Z. C. Nwosu, W. Pioronska, M. P. Ebert, S. Dooley, C. Meyer

Date Published: 22nd Feb 2020

Publication Type: Journal

Hepatocyte caveolin-1 modulates metabolic gene profiles and functions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Abstract (Expand)

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a crucial regulator of lipid accumulation and metabolism. Previous studies have shown that global Cav1 deficiency affects lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. We aimed to analyze … the consequences of hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout under healthy conditions and upon non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Male and female hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout (HepCAV1ko) mice were fed a methionine/choline (MCD) deficient diet for 4 weeks. MCD feeding caused severe hepatic steatosis and slight fibrosis. In addition, liver function parameters, i.e., ALT, AST, and GLDH, were elevated, while cholesterol and glucose level were reduced upon MCD feeding. These differences were not affected by hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout. Microarray analysis showed strong differences in gene expression profiles of livers from HepCAV1ko mice compared those of global Cav1 knockout animals. Pathway enrichment analysis identified that metabolic alterations were sex-dimorphically regulated by hepatocyte-specific CAV1. In male HepCAV1ko mice, metabolic pathways were suppressed in NAFLD, whereas in female knockout mice induced. Moreover, gender-specific transcription profiles were modulated in healthy animals. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout significantly altered gene profiles, did not affect liver steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD and that gender had severe impact on gene expression patterns in healthy and diseased hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout mice.

Authors: M. Han, W. Pioronska, S. Wang, Z. C. Nwosu, C. Sticht, S. Wang, Y. Gao, M. P. Ebert, S. Dooley, C. Meyer

Date Published: 6th Feb 2020

Publication Type: Journal

TGF-β2 silencing to target biliary-derived liver diseases

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Anne Dropmann, Steven Dooley, Bedair Dewidar, Seddik Hammad, Tatjana Dediulia, Julia Werle, Vanessa Hartwig, Shahrouz Ghafoory, Stefan Woelfl, Hanna Korhonen, Michel Janicot, Katja Wosikowski, Timo Itzel, Andreas Teufel, Detlef Schuppan, Ana Stojanovic, Adelheid Cerwenka, Stefanie Nittka, Albrecht Piiper, Timo Gaiser, Naiara Beraza, Malgorzata Milkiewicz, Piotr Milkiewicz, John G Brain, David E J Jones, Thomas S Weiss, Ulrich M Zanger, Matthias Ebert, Nadja M Meindl-Beinker

Date Published: 28th Jan 2020

Publication Type: Not specified

TGF-beta in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis-Updated 2019.

Abstract (Expand)

Liver fibrosis is an advanced liver disease condition, which could progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, there is no direct approved antifibrotic therapy, and current treatment … is mainly the removal of the causative factor. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a master profibrogenic cytokine and a promising target to treat fibrosis. However, TGF-beta has broad biological functions and its inhibition induces non-desirable side effects, which override therapeutic benefits. Therefore, understanding the pleiotropic effects of TGF-beta and its upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms will help to design better TGF-beta based therapeutics. Here, we summarize recent discoveries and milestones on the TGF-beta signaling pathway related to liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, emphasizing research of the last five years. This comprises impact of TGF-beta on liver fibrogenesis related biological processes, such as senescence, metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, epigenetics, circadian rhythm, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. We also describe the influence of the microenvironment on the response of HSC to TGF-beta. Finally, we discuss new approaches to target the TGF-beta pathway, name current clinical trials, and explain promises and drawbacks that deserve to be adequately addressed.

Authors: B. Dewidar, C. Meyer, S. Dooley, A. N. Meindl-Beinker

Date Published: 11th Nov 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Transfer of regulatory knowledge from human to mouse for functional genomics analysis

Abstract (Expand)

Transcriptome profiling followed by differential gene expression analysis often leads to lists of genes that are hard to analyze and interpret. Functional genomics tools are powerful approaches for … downstream analysis, as they summarize the large and noisy gene expression space into a smaller number of biological meaningful features. In particular, methods that estimate the activity of processes by mapping transcripts level to process members are popular. However, footprints of either a pathway or transcription factor (TF) on gene expression show superior performance over mapping-based gene sets. These footprints are largely developed for humans and their usability in the broadly-used model organism Mus musculus is uncertain. Evolutionary conservation of the gene regulatory system suggests that footprints of human pathways and TFs can functionally characterize mice data. In this paper we analyze this hypothesis. We perform a comprehensive benchmark study exploiting two state-of-the-art footprint methods, DoRothEA and an extended version of PROGENy. These methods infer TF and pathway activity, respectively. Our results show that both can recover mouse perturbations, confirming our hypothesis that footprints are conserved between mice and humans. Subsequently, we illustrate the usability of PROGENy and DoRothEA by recovering pathway/TF-disease associations from newly generated disease sets. Additionally, we provide pathway and TF activity scores for a large collection of human and mouse perturbation and disease experiments (2374). We believe that this resource, available for interactive exploration and download (https://saezlab.shinyapps.io/footprint_scores/), can have broad applications including the study of diseases and therapeutics.

Authors: Christian H. Holland, Bence Szalai, Julio Saez-Rodriguez

Date Published: 1st Sep 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Assessment of Chemotherapy-Induced Organ Damage with Ga-68 Labeled Duramycin.

Abstract (Expand)

PURPOSE: Evaluation of [(68)Ga]NODAGA-duramycin as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer of cell death for whole-body detection of chemotherapy-induced organ toxicity. PROCEDURES: Tracer specificity … of Ga-68 labeled NODAGA-duramycin was determined in vitro using competitive binding experiments. Organ uptake was analyzed in untreated and doxorubicin, busulfan, and cisplatin-treated mice 2 h after intravenous injection of [(68)Ga]NODAGA-duramycin. In vivo data were validated by immunohistology and blood parameters. RESULTS: In vitro experiments confirmed specific binding of [(68)Ga]NODAGA-duramycin. Organ toxicities were detected successfully using [(68)Ga]NODAGA-duramycin PET/X-ray computed tomography (CT) and confirmed by immunohistochemistry and blood parameter analysis. Organ toxicities in livers and kidneys showed similar trends in PET/CT and immunohistology. Busulfan and cisplatin-related organ toxicities in heart, liver, and lungs were detected earlier by PET/CT than by blood parameters and immunohistology. CONCLUSION: [(68)Ga]NODAGA-duramycin PET/CT was successfully applied to non-invasively detect chemotherapy-induced organ toxicity with high sensitivity in mice. It, therefore, represents a promising alternative to standard toxicological analyses with a high translational potential.

Authors: A. Rix, N. I. Drude, A. Mrugalla, F. Baskaya, K. Y. Pak, B. Gray, H. J. Kaiser, R. H. Tolba, E. Fiegle, W. Lederle, F. M. Mottaghy, F. Kiessling

Date Published: 8th Aug 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Benchmark and integration of resources for the estimation of human transcription factor activities

Abstract (Expand)

The prediction of transcription factor (TF) activities from the gene expression of their targets (i.e., TF regulon) is becoming a widely used approach to characterize the functional status of transcriptional … regulatory circuits. Several strategies and data sets have been proposed to link the target genes likely regulated by a TF, each one providing a different level of evidence. The most established ones are (1) manually curated repositories, (2) interactions derived from ChIP-seq binding data, (3) in silico prediction of TF binding on gene promoters, and (4) reverse-engineered regulons from large gene expression data sets. However, it is not known how these different sources of regulons affect the TF activity estimations and, thereby, downstream analysis and interpretation. Here we compared the accuracy and biases of these strategies to define human TF regulons by means of their ability to predict changes in TF activities in three reference benchmark data sets. We assembled a collection of TF–target interactions for 1541 human TFs and evaluated how different molecular and regulatory properties of the TFs, such as the DNA-binding domain, specificities, or mode of interaction with the chromatin, affect the predictions of TF activity. We assessed their coverage and found little overlap on the regulons derived from each strategy and better performance by literature-curated information followed by ChIP-seq data. We provide an integrated resource of all TF–target interactions derived through these strategies, with confidence scores, as a resource for enhanced prediction of TF activities.

Authors: Luz Garcia-Alonso, Christian H. Holland, Mahmoud M. Ibrahim, Denes Turei, Julio Saez-Rodriguez

Date Published: 1st Aug 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Genetic Variants in the Promoter Region of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor are Associated with the Severity of Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Liver Fibrosis.

Abstract (Expand)

Two polymorphisms in the promoter region of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) - rs755622 and rs5844572 - exhibit prognostic relevance in inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to … investigate a correlation between these MIF promoter polymorphisms and the severity of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver fibrosis. Our analysis included two independent patient cohorts with HCV-induced liver fibrosis (504 and 443 patients, respectively). The genotype of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -173 G/C and the repeat number of the microsatellite polymorphism -794 CATT5-8 were determined in DNA samples and correlated with fibrosis severity. In the first cohort, homozygous carriers of the C allele in the rs755622 had lower fibrosis stages compared to heterozygous carriers or wild types (1.25 vs. 2.0 vs. 2.0; p = 0.03). Additionally, >/=7 microsatellite repeats were associated with lower fibrosis stages (<F2) (p = 0.04). Comparable tendencies were observed in the second independent cohort, where fibrosis was assessed using transient elastography. However, once cirrhosis had been established, the C/C genotype and higher microsatellite repeats correlated with impaired liver function and a higher prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Our study demonstrates that specific MIF polymorphisms are associated with disease severity and complications of HCV-induced fibrosis in a stage- and context-dependent manner.

Authors: T. H. Wirtz, P. Fischer, C. Backhaus, I. Bergmann, E. F. Brandt, D. Heinrichs, M. T. Koenen, K. M. Schneider, T. Eggermann, I. Kurth, C. Stoppe, J. Bernhagen, T. Bruns, J. Fischer, T. Berg, C. Trautwein, M. L. Berres

Date Published: 31st Jul 2019

Publication Type: Journal

Cooperative and distinct functions of MK2 and MK3 in the regulation of the macrophage transcriptional response to lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract (Expand)

The p38(MAPK) downstream targets MAPKAP kinases (MK) 2 and 3 are critical for the regulation of the macrophage response to LPS. The extents to which these two kinases act cooperatively and distinctly … in regulating LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression are still unclear. To address this uncertainty, whole transcriptome analyses were performed using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) generated from MK2(-/-) or MK2/3(-/-) animals and their wild-type littermates. The results suggest that in BMDM, MK2 and MK3 not only cooperatively regulate the transcript expression of signaling intermediates, including IL-10, IL-19, CXCL2 and the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R)alpha subunit, they also exert distinct regulatory effects on the expression of specific transcripts. Based on the differential regulation of gene expression by MK2 and MK3, at least six regulatory patterns were identified. Importantly, we confirmed our previous finding, which showed that in the absence of MK2, MK3 negatively regulates IFN-beta. Moreover, this genome-wide analysis identified the regulation of Cr1A, NOD1 and Serpina3f as similar to that of IFN-beta. In the absence of MK2, MK3 also delayed the nuclear translocation of NFkappaB by delaying the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of IkappaBbeta, reflecting the substantial plasticity of the response of BMDM to LPS.

Authors: C. Ehlting, J. Rex, U. Albrecht, R. Deenen, C. Tiedje, K. Kohrer, O. Sawodny, M. Gaestel, D. Haussinger, J. G. Bode

Date Published: 30th Jul 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

ECM1 Prevents Activation of Transforming Growth Factor beta, Hepatic Stellate Cells, and Fibrogenesis in Mice.

Abstract (Expand)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) promotes liver fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but the mechanism of TGFB activation are not clear. We … investigated the role of extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), which interacts with extracellular and structural proteins, in TGFB activation in livers of mice. METHODS: We performed studies with e C57BL/6J mice (controls), ECM1-knockout (ECM1-KO) mice, and mice with hepatocyte-specific knockout of EMC1 (ECM1Deltahep). ECM1 or soluble TGFB receptor 2 (TGFBR2) were expressed in livers of mice following injection of an adeno-associated virus vector. Liver fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. Livers were collected from mice and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence analyses. Hepatocytes and HSCs were isolated from livers of mice and incubated with ECM1; production of cytokines and activation of reporter genes were quantified. Liver tissues from patients with viral or alcohol-induced hepatitis (with different stages of fibrosis) and individuals with healthy liver were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: ECM1-KO mice spontaneously developed liver fibrosis and died by 2 months of age without significant hepatocyte damage or inflammation. In liver tissues of mice, we found that ECM1 stabilized extracellular matrix-deposited TGFB in its inactive form by interacting with alphav integrins to prevent activation of HSCs. In liver tissues from patients and in mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, we found an inverse correlation between level of ECM1 and severity of fibrosis. CCl4-induced liver fibrosis was accelerated in ECM1Deltahep mice compared with control mice. Hepatocytes produced the highest levels of ECM1 in livers of mice. Ectopic expression of ECM1 or soluble TGFBR2 in liver prevented fibrogenesis in ECM1-KO mice and prolonged their survival. Ectopic expression of ECM1 in liver also reduced the severity of CCl4-induced fibrosis in mice. CONCLUSIONS: ECM1, produced by hepatocytes, inhibits activation of TGFB and its activation of HSCs to prevent fibrogenesis in mouse liver. Strategies to increase levels of ECM1 in liver might be developed for treatment of fibrosis.

Authors: W. Fan, T. Liu, W. Chen, S. Hammad, T. Longerich, Y. Fu, N. Li, Y. He, C. Liu, Y. Zhang, Q. Lian, X. Zhao, C. Yan, L. Li, C. Yi, Z. Ling, L. Ma, X. Zhao, H. Xu, P. Wang, M. Cong, H. You, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Chen, D. Li, L. Hui, S. Dooley, J. Hou, J. Jia, B. Sun

Date Published: 27th Jul 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Adenovirusmediated overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein9 promotes methionine choline deficiencyinduced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in nonobese mice.

Abstract (Expand)

Liver inflammation and macrophage infiltration are critical steps in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver to the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Bone morphogenetic protein9 is a … cytokine involved in the regulation of chemokines and lipogenesis. However, the function of bone morphogenetic protein9 in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is still unknown. The present study hypothesized that bone morphogenetic protein9 may contribute to steatohepatitis in mice fed a methionine choline deficiency diet (MCD). C57BL/6 mice overexpressing bone morphogenetic protein9 and control mice were fed the MCD diet for 4 weeks. Liver tissue and serum samples were obtained for subsequent measurements. Bone morphogenetic protein9 overexpression exacerbated steatohepatitis in mice on the MCD diet, as indicated by liver histopathology, increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity, aspartate transaminase activity, hepatic inflammatory gene expression and M1 macrophage recruitment. Although bone morphogenetic protein9 overexpression did not affect the expression of profibrogenic genes, including Collagen I (alpha)1 or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, it did upregulate the expression of transforming growth factorbeta and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and downregulated the expression of MMP2. The above results indicate that bone morphogenetic protein9 exerts a proinflammatory role in MCD dietinduced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Authors: Q. Li, B. Liu, K. Breitkopf-Heinlein, H. Weng, Q. Jiang, P. Dong, S. Dooley, K. Xu, H. Ding

Date Published: 20th Jul 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mediates hepatic stellate cell activation via ALK5/Smad signalling.

Abstract (Expand)

OBJECTIVE: Although glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, its function in liver fibrosis has rarely been studied. Here, we … investigated the role of GDNF in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis in humans and mice. DESIGN: GDNF expression was examined in liver biopsies and sera from patients with liver fibrosis. The functional role of GDNF in liver fibrosis was examined in mice with adenoviral delivery of the GDNF gene, GDNF sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 and the administration of GDNF-blocking antibodies. GDNF was examined on HSC activation using human and mouse primary HSCs. The binding of activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) to GDNF was determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), molecular docking, mutagenesis and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: GDNF mRNA and protein levels are significantly upregulated in patients with stage F4 fibrosis. Serum GDNF content correlates positively with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and Col1A1 mRNA in human fibrotic livers. Mice with overexpressed GDNF display aggravated liver fibrosis, while mice with silenced GDNF expression or signalling inhibition by GDNF-blocking antibodies have reduced fibrosis and HSC activation. GDNF is confined mainly to HSCs and contributes to HSC activation through ALK5 at His(39) and Asp(76) and through downstream signalling via Smad2/3, but not through GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRalpha1). GDNF, ALK5 and alpha-SMA colocalise in human and mouse HSCs, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: GDNF promotes HSC activation and liver fibrosis through ALK5/Smad signalling. Inhibition of GDNF could be a novel therapeutic strategy to combat liver fibrosis.

Authors: L. Tao, W. Ma, L. Wu, M. Xu, Y. Yang, W. Zhang, W. Sha, H. Li, J. Xu, R. Feng, D. Xue, J. Zhang, S. Dooley, E. Seki, P. Liu, C. Liu

Date Published: 6th Jun 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Local Riemannian geometry of model manifolds and its implications for practical parameter identifiability

Abstract (Expand)

When non-linear models are fitted to experimental data, parameter estimates can be poorly constrained albeit being identifiable in principle. This means that along certain paths in parameter space, the … log-likelihood does not exceed a given statistical threshold but remains bounded. This situation, denoted as practical non-identifiability, can be detected by Monte Carlo sampling or by systematic scanning using the profile likelihood method. In contrast, any method based on a Taylor expansion of the log-likelihood around the optimum, e.g., parameter uncertainty estimation by the Fisher Information Matrix, reveals no information about the boundedness at all. In this work, we present a geometric approach, approximating the original log-likelihood by geodesic coordinates of the model manifold. The Christoffel Symbols in the geodesic equation are fixed to those obtained from second order model sensitivities at the optimum. Based on three exemplary non-linear models we show that the information about the log-likelihood bounds and flat parameter directions can already be contained in this local information. Whereas the unbounded case represented by the Fisher Information Matrix is embedded in the geometric framework as vanishing Christoffel Symbols, non-vanishing constant Christoffel Symbols prove to define prototype non-linear models featuring boundedness and flat parameter directions of the log-likelihood. Finally, we investigate if those models could allow to approximate and replace computationally expensive objective functions originating from non-linear models by a surrogate objective function in parameter estimation problems.

Authors: Daniel Lill, Jens Timmer, Daniel Kaschek

Date Published: 3rd Jun 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Mapping connections in signaling networks with ambiguous modularity.

Abstract (Expand)

Modular Response Analysis (MRA) is a suite of methods that under certain assumptions permits the precise reconstruction of both the directions and strengths of connections between network modules from … network responses to perturbations. Standard MRA assumes that modules are insulated, thereby neglecting the existence of inter-modular protein complexes. Such complexes sequester proteins from different modules and propagate perturbations to the protein abundance of a downstream module retroactively to an upstream module. MRA-based network reconstruction detects retroactive, sequestration-induced connections when an enzyme from one module is substantially sequestered by its substrate that belongs to a different module. Moreover, inferred networks may surprisingly depend on the choice of protein abundances that are experimentally perturbed, and also some inferred connections might be false. Here, we extend MRA by introducing a combined computational and experimental approach, which allows for a computational restoration of modular insulation, unmistakable network reconstruction and discrimination between solely regulatory and sequestration-induced connections for a range of signaling pathways. Although not universal, our approach extends MRA methods to signaling networks with retroactive interactions between modules arising from enzyme sequestration effects.

Authors: D. Lill, O. S. Rukhlenko, A. J. Mc Elwee, E. Kashdan, J. Timmer, B. N. Kholodenko

Date Published: 1st Jun 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Second exposure to acetaminophen overdose is associated with liver fibrosis in mice

Abstract (Expand)

Repeated administration of hepatotoxicants is usually accompanied by liver fibrosis. However, the difference in response as a result of repeated exposures of acetaminophen (APAP) compared to a single … dose is not well-studied. Therefore, in the current study, the liver response after a second dose of APAP was investigated. Adult fasted Balb/C mice were exposed to two toxic doses of 300 mg/kg APAP, which were administered 72 h apart from each other. Subsequently, blood and liver from the treated mice were collected 24 h and 72 h after both APAP admin-istrations. Liver transaminase, i.e. alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels revealed that the fulminant liver damage was reduced after the second APAP administration compared to that observed at the same time point after the first treatment. These results correlated with the necrotic areas as indicated by histological analyses. Surprisingly, Picro Sirius Red (PSR) staining showed that the accumulation of extracel-lular matrix after the second dose coincides with the upregulation of some fibrogenic signatures, e.g., alpha smooth muscle actin. Non-targeted liver tissue metabolic profiling indicates that most alterations occur 24 h after the first dose of APAP. However, the levels of most metabolites recover to basal values over time. This organ adaptation process is also confirmed by the upregulation of antioxidative systems like e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase. From the results, it can be concluded that there is a different response of the liver to APAP toxic doses, if the liver has already been exposed to APAP. A necroinflammatory process followed by a liver regeneration was observed after the first APAP exposure. However, fibrogenesis through the accumulation of extracellular matrix is observed after a second challenge. Therefore, further studies are required to mechanistically understand the so called “liver memory”

Author: Mohammad AlWahsh, Amnah Othman, Lama Hamadneh, Ahmad Telfah, Jörg Lambert, Suhair Hikmat, Amin Alassi, Fatma El Zahraa Mohamed, Roland Hergenröder, Tariq Al-Qirim, Steven Dooley, Seddik Hammad

Date Published: 6th Feb 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Effect of alcohol on the interleukin 6-mediated inflammatory response in a new mouse model of acute-on-chronic liver injury

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Ersin Karatayli, Rabea A. Hall, Susanne N. Weber, Steven Dooley, Frank Lammert

Date Published: 1st Feb 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

ECM1 is a gatekeeper that restrains TGF-β activation to maintain liver homeostasis and prevent fibrogenesis

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: S Dooley, W Fan, S Hammad, K Gould, T Longerich, T Liu, W Chen, C Liu, J Hou, J Jia, B Sun

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Simultaneous isolation of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from healthy and diseased mice liver

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: B Dewidar, A Dropmann, K Gould, V Hartwig, C Dormann, S Dooley, S Hammad

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Jagged-1 upregulation in stressed hepatocytes is crucial for liver regeneration

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: B Dewidar, S Hammad, MP Ebert, JG Hengstler, S Dooley

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Cellular and nuclear hepatocyte ploidy represent a repository in regenerating livers

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: S Hammad, U Dahmen, A Othman, I Recklinghausen, JG Hengstler, U Klingmüller, S Dooley

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Liver cell type specific discrimination of TGF-beta signaling and outcome in vitro and in vivo

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: M Han, ZC Nwosu, MP Ebert, S Hammad, S Dooley, C Meyer

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

CYP2E1 recovery is associated with a pericentral fibrosis pattern after repeated CCl4 insults

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: S Hammad, J Zhao, Y Yin, A Zaza, D Drasdo, JG Hengstler, S Dooley

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

ECM1 stabilizes matrix deposited latent TGF-β to maintain liver homeostasis and prevent fibrogenesis

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: S Hammad, W Fan, T Liu, W Chen, K Gould, T Longerich, I Haußer-Siller, J Hou, J Jia, B Sun, S Dooely

Date Published: 2019

Publication Type: Not specified

Focused scores enable reliable discrimination of small differences in steatosis.

Abstract (Expand)

BACKGROUND: Automated image analysis enables quantitative measurement of steatosis in histological images. However, spatial heterogeneity of steatosis can make quantitative steatosis scores unreliable. … To improve the reliability, we have developed novel scores that are "focused" on steatotic tissue areas. METHODS: Focused scores use concepts of tile-based hotspot analysis in order to compute statistics about steatotic tissue areas in an objective way. We evaluated focused scores on three data sets of images of rodent liver sections exhibiting different amounts of dietary-induced steatosis. The same evaluation was conducted with the standard steatosis score computed by most image analysis methods. RESULTS: The standard score reliably discriminated large differences in steatosis (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC = 0.86), but failed to discriminate small (ICC = 0.54) and very small (ICC = 0.14) differences. With an appropriate tile size, mean-based focused scores reliably discriminated large (ICC = 0.92), small (ICC = 0.86) and very small (ICC = 0.83) differences. Focused scores based on high percentiles showed promise in further improving the discrimination of very small differences (ICC = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Focused scores enable reliable discrimination of small differences in steatosis in histological images. They are conceptually simple and straightforward to use in research studies.

Authors: A. Homeyer, S. Hammad, L. O. Schwen, U. Dahmen, H. Hofener, Y. Gao, S. Dooley, A. Schenk

Date Published: 20th Sep 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

Liver cancer cell lines distinctly mimic the metabolic gene expression pattern of the corresponding human tumours.

Abstract (Expand)

BACKGROUND: Although metabolism is profoundly altered in human liver cancer, the extent to which experimental models, e.g. cell lines, mimic those alterations is unresolved. Here, we aimed to determine … the resemblance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines to human liver tumours, specifically in the expression of deregulated metabolic targets in clinical tissue samples. METHODS: We compared the overall gene expression profile of poorly-differentiated (HLE, HLF, SNU-449) to well-differentiated (HUH7, HEPG2, HEP3B) HCC cell lines in three publicly available microarray datasets. Three thousand and eighty-five differentially expressed genes in >/=2 datasets (P < 0.05) were used for pathway enrichment and gene ontology (GO) analyses. Further, we compared the topmost gene expression, pathways, and GO from poorly differentiated cell lines to the pattern from four human HCC datasets (623 tumour tissues). In well- versus poorly differentiated cell lines, and in representative models HLE and HUH7 cells, we specifically assessed the expression pattern of 634 consistently deregulated metabolic genes in human HCC. These data were complemented by quantitative PCR, proteomics, metabolomics and assessment of response to thirteen metabolism-targeting compounds in HLE versus HUH7 cells. RESULTS: We found that poorly-differentiated HCC cells display upregulated MAPK/RAS/NFkB signaling, focal adhesion, and downregulated complement/coagulation cascade, PPAR-signaling, among pathway alterations seen in clinical tumour datasets. In HLE cells, 148 downregulated metabolic genes in liver tumours also showed low gene/protein expression - notably in fatty acid beta-oxidation (e.g. ACAA1/2, ACADSB, HADH), urea cycle (e.g. CPS1, ARG1, ASL), molecule transport (e.g. SLC2A2, SLC7A1, SLC25A15/20), and amino acid metabolism (e.g. PHGDH, PSAT1, GOT1, GLUD1). In contrast, HUH7 cells showed a higher expression of 98 metabolic targets upregulated in tumours (e.g. HK2, PKM, PSPH, GLUL, ASNS, and fatty acid synthesis enzymes ACLY, FASN). Metabolomics revealed that the genomic portrait of HLE cells co-exist with profound reliance on glutamine to fuel tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas HUH7 cells use both glucose and glutamine. Targeting glutamine pathway selectively suppressed the proliferation of HLE cells. CONCLUSIONS: We report a yet unappreciated distinct expression pattern of clinically-relevant metabolic genes in HCC cell lines, which could enable the identification and therapeutic targeting of metabolic vulnerabilities at various liver cancer stages.

Authors: Z. C. Nwosu, N. Battello, M. Rothley, W. Pioronska, B. Sitek, M. P. Ebert, U. Hofmann, J. Sleeman, S. Wolfl, C. Meyer, D. A. Megger, S. Dooley

Date Published: 5th Sep 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

MicroRNA-942 mediates hepatic stellate cell activation by regulating BAMBI expression in human liver fibrosis.

Abstract (Expand)

MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene regulation contributes to liver pathophysiology, including hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and fibrosis progression. Here, we investigated the role of miR-942 in … human liver fibrosis. The expression of miR-942, HSC activation markers, transforming growth factor-beta pseudoreceptor BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI), as well as collagen deposition, were investigated in 100 liver specimens from patients with varying degree of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related fibrosis. Human primary HSCs and the immortalized cell line (LX2 cells) were used for functional studies. We found that miR-942 expression was upregulated in activated HSCs and correlated inversely with BAMBI expression in liver fibrosis progression. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and lipopolyssacharide (LPS), two major drivers of liver fibrosis and inflammation, induce miR-942 expression in HSCs via Smad2/3 respective NF-kappaB/p50 binding to the miR-942 promoter. Mechanistically, the induced miR-942 degrades BAMBI mRNA in HSCs, thereby sensitizing the cells for fibrogenic TGF-beta signaling and also partly mediates LPS-induced proinflammatory HSC fate. In conclusion, the TGF-beta and LPS-induced miR-942 mediates HSC activation through downregulation of BAMBI in human liver fibrosis. Our study provides new insights on the molecular mechanism of HSC activation and fibrosis.

Authors: L. Tao, D. Xue, D. Shen, W. Ma, J. Zhang, X. Wang, W. Zhang, L. Wu, K. Pan, Y. Yang, Z. C. Nwosu, S. Dooley, E. Seki, C. Liu

Date Published: 12th Aug 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

Inverse agonist of ERRgamma reduces cannabinoid receptor type 1-mediated induction of fibrinogen synthesis in mice with a high-fat diet-intoxicated liver.

Abstract (Expand)

Upon liver intoxication with malnutrition or high-fat diet feeding, fibrinogen is synthesized by hepatocytes and secreted into the blood in human and mouse. Its primary function is to occlude blood … vessels upon damage and thereby stop excessive bleeding. High fibrinogen levels may contribute to the development of pathological thrombosis, which is one mechanism linking fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease. Our previous results present ERRgamma as key regulator of hepatocytic fibrinogen gene expression in human. In a therapeutic approach, we now tested ERRgamma inverse agonist GSK5182 as regulator of fibrinogen levels in mouse hyperfibrinogenemia caused by diet-induced obesity and in mouse hepatocytes. ACEA, a CB1R agonist, up-regulated transcription of mouse fibrinogen via induction of ERRgamma, whereas knockdown of ERRgamma attenuated the effect of ACEA (10 microM) on fibrinogen expression in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. Deletion analyses of the mouse fibrinogen gamma (FGG) gene promoter and ChIP assays revealed binding sites for ERRgamma on the mouse FGG promoter. ACEA or adenovirus ERRgamma injection induced FGA, FGB and FGG mRNA and protein expression in mouse liver, while ERRgamma knockdown with Ad-shERRgamma attenuated ACEA-mediated induction of fibrinogen gene expression. Moreover, mice maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) expressed higher levels of fibrinogen, whereas cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R)-KO mice fed an HFD had nearly normal fibrinogen levels. Finally, GSK5182 (40 mg/kg) strongly inhibits the ACEA (10 mg/kg) or HFD-mediated induction of fibrinogen level in mice. Taken together, targeting ERRgamma with its inverse agonist GSK5182 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for ameliorating hyperfibrinogenemia.

Authors: Y. Zhang, D. K. Kim, Y. S. Jung, Y. H. Kim, Y. S. Lee, J. Kim, W. I. Jeong, I. K. Lee, S. J. Cho, S. Dooley, C. H. Lee, H. S. Choi

Date Published: 19th Jul 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

Galunisertib modifies the liver fibrotic composition in the Abcb4Ko mouse model

Abstract (Expand)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β stimulates extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition during development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, the most important risk factor for the onset of hepatocellular … carcinoma. In liver cancer, TGF-β is responsible for a more aggressive and invasive phenotype, orchestrating remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. This is the scientific rationale for targeting the TGF-β pathway via a small molecule, galunisertib (intracellular inhibitor of ALK5) in clinical trials to treat liver cancer patients at an advanced disease stage. In this study, the hypothesis that galunisertib modifies the tissue microenvironment via inhibition of the TGF-β pathway is tested in an experimental preclinical model. At the age of 6 months, Abcb4ko mice-a well-established model for chronic liver disease development and progression-are treated twice daily with galunisertib (150 mg/kg) via oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. Two days after the last treatment, blood plasma and livers are harvested for further assessment, including fibrosis scoring and ECM components. The reduction of Smad2 phosphorylation in both parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells following galunisertib administration confirms the treatment effectiveness. Damage-related galunisertib does not change cell proliferation, macrophage numbers and leucocyte recruitment. Furthermore, no clear impact on the amount of fibrosis is evident, as documented by PicroSirius red and Gomori-trichome scoring. On the other hand, several fibrogenic genes, e.g., collagens (Col1α1 and Col1α2), Tgf-β1 and Timp1, mRNA levels are significantly downregulated by galunisertib administration when compared to controls. Most interestingly, ECM/stromal components, fibronectin and laminin-332, as well as the carcinogenic β-catenin pathway, are remarkably reduced by galunisertib-treated Abcb5ko mice. In conclusion, TGF-β inhibition by galunisertib interferes, to some extent, with chronic liver progression, not by reducing the stage of liver fibrosis as measured by different scoring systems, but rather by modulating the biochemical composition of the deposited ECM, likely affecting the fate of non-parenchymal cells.

Authors: Seddik Hammad, Elisabetta Cavalcanti, Julia Werle, Maria Lucia Caruso, Anne Dropmann, Antonia Ignazzi, Matthias Philip Ebert, Steven Dooley, Gianluigi Giannelli

Date Published: 28th May 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

Hepatic Smad7 overexpression causes severe iron overload in mice

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Dilay Lai, Feng Teng, Seddik Hammad, Julia Werle, Thorsten Maas, Andreas Teufel, Martina U. Muckenthaler, Steven Dooley, Maja Vujić Spasić

Date Published: 1st Feb 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

Ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes for TGF-beta-triggered apoptosis.

Abstract (Expand)

Alcohol abuse is a global health problem causing a substantial fraction of chronic liver diseases. Abundant TGF-beta-a potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine-leads to disease progression. Our aim was to elucidate … the crosstalk of TGF-beta and alcohol on hepatocytes. Primary murine hepatocytes were challenged with ethanol and TGF-beta and cell fate was determined. Fluidigm RNA analyses revealed transcriptional effects that regulate survival and apoptosis. Mechanistic insights were derived from enzyme/pathway inhibition experiments and modulation of oxidative stress levels. To substantiate findings, animal model specimens and human liver tissue cultures were investigated. RESULTS: On its own, ethanol had no effect on hepatocyte apoptosis, whereas TGF-beta increased cell death. Combined treatment led to massive hepatocyte apoptosis, which could also be recapitulated in human HCC liver tissue treated ex vivo. Alcohol boosted the TGF-beta pro-apoptotic gene signature. The underlying mechanism of pathway crosstalk involves SMAD and non-SMAD/AKT signaling. Blunting CYP2E1 and ADH activities did not prevent this effect, implying that it was not a consequence of alcohol metabolism. In line with this, the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde did not mimic the effect and glutathione supplementation did not prevent the super-induction of cell death. In contrast, blocking GSK-3beta activity, a downstream mediator of AKT signaling, rescued the strong apoptotic response triggered by ethanol and TGF-beta. This study provides novel information on the crosstalk between ethanol and TGF-beta. We give evidence that ethanol directly leads to a boost of TGF-beta's pro-apoptotic function in hepatocytes, which may have implications for patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease.

Authors: H. Gaitantzi, C. Meyer, P. Rakoczy, M. Thomas, K. Wahl, F. Wandrer, H. Bantel, H. Alborzinia, S. Wolfl, S. Ehnert, A. Nussler, I. Bergheim, L. Ciuclan, M. Ebert, K. Breitkopf-Heinlein, S. Dooley

Date Published: 21st Jan 2018

Publication Type: Not specified

Physiologically-based modelling in mice suggests an aggravated loss of clearance capacity after toxic liver damage

Abstract (Expand)

Diseases and toxins may lead to death of active liver tissue, resulting in a loss of total clearance capacity at the whole-body level. However, it remains difficult to study, whether the loss of … metabolizing tissue is sufficient to explain loss of metabolic capacity of the liver or whether the surviving tissue undergoes an adaptive response to compensate the loss. To understand the cellular impact of toxic liver damage in an in vivo situation, we here used physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling to investigate pharmacokinetics of a specifically designed drug cocktail at three different sampling sites of the body in healthy mice and mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver zonation was explicitly quantified in the models through immunostaining of cytochrome P450s enzymes. Comparative analyses between the simulated decrease in clearance capacity and the experimentally measured loss in tissue volume indicated that CCl4-induced impairment of metabolic functions goes beyond the mere loss of metabolically active tissue. The here established integrative modelling strategy hence provides mechanistic insights into functional consequences of toxic liver damage in an in vivo situation, which would not have been accessible by conventional methods.

Authors: Arne Schenk, Ahmed Ghallab, Ute Hofmann, Reham Hassan, Michael Schwarz, Andreas Schuppert, Lars Ole Schwen, Albert Braeuning, Donato Teutonico, Jan G. Hengstler, Lars Kuepfer

Date Published: 1st Dec 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Bio-degradable highly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles for bio-medical imaging applications

Abstract (Expand)

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles exhibit strong fluorescence and have been applied for biological fluorescence imaging in cell culture and in small animals. However, conjugated polymer particles are … hydrophobic and often chemically inert materials with diameters ranging from below 50 nm to several microns. As such, conjugated polymer nanoparticles cannot be excreted through the renal system. This drawback has prevented their application for clinical bio-medical imaging. Here, we present fully conjugated polymer nanoparticles based on imidazole units. These nanoparticles can be bio-degraded by activated macrophages. Reactive oxygen species induce scission of the conjugated polymer backbone at the imidazole unit, leading to complete decomposition of the particles into soluble low molecular weight fragments. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can be surface functionalized for directed targeting. The approach opens a wide range of opportunities for conjugated polymer particles in the fields of medical imaging, drug-delivery, and theranostics.

Authors: Tatjana Repenko, Anne Rix, Simon Ludwanowski, Dennis Go, Fabian Kiessling, Wiltrud Lederle, Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Date Published: 1st Dec 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Modeling approaches for hepatic spatial heterogeneity in pharmacokinetic simulations

Abstract (Expand)

The metabolization and excretion of drugs in the liver are spatially heterogeneous processes. This is due to the spatial variability of physiological processes at different length scales of biological … organization in healthy individuals, while many liver diseases further contribute to the heterogeneity. Classical, well-stirred pharmacokinetic models do not represent this heterogeneity, and various modeling approaches capable of representing heterogeneity have been developed recently. These approaches range from mechanistic and physio-geometrically realistic models focusing on specific spatial scales, via continuum models using homogenized physiological and metabolic properties, to integrative multiscale models. Such models could become essential research tools for simulations involving drugs with notable first-pass effects, fast-acting drugs or tracers, and diseased livers.

Authors: Lars Ole Schwen, Lars Kuepfer, Tobias Preusser

Date Published: 29th Nov 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Computational Modeling in Liver Surgery

Abstract (Expand)

The need for extended liver resection is increasing due to the growing incidence of liver tumors in aging societies. Individualized surgical planning is the key for identifying the optimal resection … strategy and to minimize the risk of postoperative liver failure and tumor recurrence. Current computational tools provide virtual planning of liver resection by taking into account the spatial relationship between the tumor and the hepatic vascular trees, as well as the size of the future liver remnant. However, size and function of the liver are not necessarily equivalent. Hence, determining the future liver volume might misestimate the future liver function, especially in cases of hepatic comorbidities such as hepatic steatosis. A systems medicine approach could be applied, including biological, medical, and surgical aspects, by integrating all available anatomical and functional information of the individual patient. Such an approach holds promise for better prediction of postoperative liver function and hence improved risk assessment. This review provides an overview of mathematical models related to the liver and its function and explores their potential relevance for computational liver surgery. We first summarize key facts of hepatic anatomy, physiology, and pathology relevant for hepatic surgery, followed by a description of the computational tools currently used in liver surgical planning. Then we present selected state-of-the-art computational liver models potentially useful to support liver surgery. Finally, we discuss the main challenges that will need to be addressed when developing advanced computational planning tools in the context of liver surgery.

Authors: Bruno Christ, Uta Dahmen, Karl-Heinz Herrmann, Matthias König, Jürgen R. Reichenbach, Tim Ricken, Jana Schleicher, Lars Ole Schwen, Sebastian Vlaic, Navina Waschinsky

Date Published: 14th Nov 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Identification of the Consistently Altered Metabolic Targets in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Zeribe Chike Nwosu, Dominik Andre Megger, Seddik Hammad, Barbara Sitek, Stephanie Roessler, Matthias Philip Ebert, Christoph Meyer, Steven Dooley

Date Published: 1st Sep 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

A frequent misinterpretation in current research on liver fibrosis: the vessel in the center of CCl4-induced pseudolobules is a portal vein.

Abstract (Expand)

Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury is a thoroughly studied model for regeneration and fibrosis in rodents. Nevertheless, its pattern of liver fibrosis is frequently misinterpreted as portal type. … To clarify this, we show that collagen type IV+ "streets" and alpha-SMA+ cells accumulate pericentrally and extend to neighbouring central areas of the liver lobule, forming a 'pseudolobule'. Blood vessels in the center of such pseudolobules are portal veins as indicated by the presence of bile duct cells (CK19+) and the absence of pericentral hepatocytes (glutamine synthetase+). It is critical to correctly describe this pattern of fibrosis, particulary for metabolic zonation studies.

Authors: S. Hammad, A. Braeuning, C. Meyer, F. E. Z. A. Mohamed, J. G. Hengstler, S. Dooley

Date Published: 22nd Aug 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

BMP-9 interferes with liver regeneration and promotes liver fibrosis.

Abstract (Expand)

OBJECTIVE: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines, is constitutively produced in the liver. Systemic levels act on many organs and tissues … including bone and endothelium, but little is known about its hepatic functions in health and disease. DESIGN: Levels of BMP-9 and its receptors were analysed in primary liver cells. Direct effects of BMP-9 on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatocytes were studied in vitro, and the role of BMP-9 was examined in acute and chronic liver injury models in mice. RESULTS: Quiescent and activated HSCs were identified as major BMP-9 producing liver cell type. BMP-9 stimulation of cultured hepatocytes inhibited proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and preserved expression of important metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450. Acute liver injury caused by partial hepatectomy or single injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice resulted in transient downregulation of hepatic BMP-9 mRNA expression. Correspondingly, LPS stimulation led to downregulation of BMP-9 expression in cultured HSCs. Application of BMP-9 after partial hepatectomy significantly enhanced liver damage and disturbed the proliferative response. Chronic liver damage in BMP-9-deficient mice or in mice adenovirally overexpressing the selective BMP-9 antagonist activin-like kinase 1-Fc resulted in reduced deposition of collagen and subsequent fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Constitutive expression of low levels of BMP-9 stabilises hepatocyte function in the healthy liver. Upon HSC activation, endogenous BMP-9 levels increase in vitro and in vivo and high levels of BMP-9 cause enhanced damage upon acute or chronic injury.

Authors: K. Breitkopf-Heinlein, C. Meyer, C. Konig, H. Gaitantzi, A. Addante, M. Thomas, E. Wiercinska, C. Cai, Q. Li, F. Wan, C. Hellerbrand, N. A. Valous, M. Hahnel, C. Ehlting, J. G. Bode, S. Muller-Bohl, U. Klingmuller, J. Altenoder, I. Ilkavets, M. J. Goumans, L. J. Hawinkels, S. J. Lee, M. Wieland, C. Mogler, M. P. Ebert, B. Herrera, H. Augustin, A. Sanchez, S. Dooley, P. Ten Dijke

Date Published: 25th Mar 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Global Transcriptional Response of Human Liver Cells to Ethanol Stress of Different Strength Reveals Hormetic Behavior.

Abstract (Expand)

BACKGROUND: The liver is the major site for alcohol metabolism in the body and therefore the primary target organ for ethanol (EtOH)-induced toxicity. In this study, we investigated the in vitro response … of human liver cells to different EtOH concentrations in a perfused bioartificial liver device that mimics the complex architecture of the natural organ. METHODS: Primary human liver cells were cultured in the bioartificial liver device and treated for 24 hours with medium containing 150 mM (low), 300 mM (medium), or 600 mM (high) EtOH, while a control culture was kept untreated. Gene expression patterns for each EtOH concentration were monitored using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST Gene chips. Scaled expression profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were clustered using Fuzzy c-means algorithm. In addition, functional classification methods, KEGG pathway mapping and also a machine learning approach (Random Forest) were utilized. RESULTS: A number of 966 (150 mM EtOH), 1,334 (300 mM EtOH), or 4,132 (600 mM EtOH) genes were found to be differentially expressed. Dose-response relationships of the identified clusters of co-expressed genes showed a monotonic, threshold, or nonmonotonic (hormetic) behavior. Functional classification of DEGs revealed that low or medium EtOH concentrations operate adaptation processes, while alterations observed for the high EtOH concentration reflect the response to cellular damage. The genes displaying a hormetic response were functionally characterized by overrepresented "cellular ketone metabolism" and "carboxylic acid metabolism." Altered expression of the genes BAHD1 and H3F3B was identified as sufficient to classify the samples according to the applied EtOH doses. CONCLUSIONS: Different pathways of metabolic and epigenetic regulation are affected by EtOH exposition and partly undergo hormetic regulation in the bioartificial liver device. Gene expression changes observed at high EtOH concentrations reflect in some aspects the situation of alcoholic hepatitis in humans.

Authors: W. Schmidt-Heck, E. C. Wonne, T. Hiller, U. Menzel, D. Koczan, G. Damm, D. Seehofer, F. Knospel, N. Freyer, R. Guthke, S. Dooley, K. Zeilinger

Date Published: 23rd Feb 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Hepatocyte-specific Smad7 deletion accelerates DEN-induced HCC via activation of STAT3 signaling in mice

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: T Feng, J Dzieran, X Yuan, A Dropmann, T Maass, A Teufel, S Marhenke, T Gaiser, F Rückert, I Kleiter, S Kanzler, M P Ebert, A Vogel, P ten Dijke, S Dooley, N M Meindl-Beinker

Date Published: 2017

Publication Type: Not specified

Caveolin-1 in the regulation of cell metabolism: a cancer perspective.

Abstract (Expand)

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is an oncogenic membrane protein associated with endocytosis, extracellular matrix organisation, cholesterol distribution, cell migration and signaling. Recent studies reveal that … CAV1 is involved in metabolic alterations - a critical strategy adopted by cancer cells to their survival advantage. Consequently, research findings suggest that CAV1, which is altered in several cancer types, influences tumour development or progression by controlling metabolism. Understanding the molecular interplay between CAV1 and metabolism could help uncover druggable metabolic targets or pathways of clinical relevance in cancer therapy. Here we review from a cancer perspective, the findings that CAV1 modulates cell metabolism with a focus on glycolysis, mitochondrial bioenergetics, glutaminolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and autophagy.

Authors: Z. C. Nwosu, M. P. Ebert, S. Dooley, C. Meyer

Date Published: 18th Nov 2016

Publication Type: Not specified

Creation of Three-Dimensional Liver Tissue Models from Experimental Images for Systems Medicine.

Abstract (Expand)

In this chapter, we illustrate how three-dimensional liver tissue models can be created from experimental image modalities by utilizing a well-established processing chain of experiments, microscopic … imaging, image processing, image analysis and model construction. We describe how key features of liver tissue architecture are quantified and translated into model parameterizations, and show how a systematic iteration of experiments and model simulations often leads to a better understanding of biological phenomena in systems biology and systems medicine.

Authors: S. Hoehme, A. Friebel, S. Hammad, D. Drasdo, J. G. Hengstler

Date Published: 11th Nov 2016

Publication Type: Not specified

Orphan nuclear receptor SHP regulates iron metabolism through inhibition of BMP6-mediated hepcidin expression.

Abstract (Expand)

Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a transcriptional corepressor regulating diverse metabolic processes. Here, we show that SHP acts as an intrinsic negative regulator of iron homeostasis. SHP-deficient … mice maintained on a high-iron diet showed increased serum hepcidin levels, decreased expression of the iron exporter ferroportin as well as iron accumulation compared to WT mice. Conversely, overexpression of either SHP or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a metabolic sensor inducing SHP expression, suppressed BMP6-induced hepcidin expression. In addition, an inhibitory effect of AMPK activators metformin and AICAR on BMP6-mediated hepcidin gene expression was significantly attenuated by ablation of SHP expression. Interestingly, SHP physically interacted with SMAD1 and suppressed BMP6-mediated recruitment of the SMAD complex to the hepcidin gene promoter by inhibiting the formation of SMAD1 and SMAD4 complex. Finally, overexpression of SHP and metformin treatment of BMP6 stimulated mice substantially restored hepcidin expression and serum iron to baseline levels. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for SHP in the transcriptional control of iron homeostasis.

Authors: D. K. Kim, Y. H. Kim, Y. S. Jung, K. S. Kim, J. H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, J. M. Yuk, B. C. Oh, H. E. Choy, S. Dooley, M. U. Muckenthaler, C. H. Lee, H. S. Choi

Date Published: 1st Oct 2016

Publication Type: Not specified

Delta-Like Ligand 4 Modulates Liver Damage by Down-Regulating Chemokine Expression

Abstract

Not specified

Authors: Zhe Shen, Yan Liu, Bedair Dewidar, Junhao Hu, Ogyi Park, Teng Feng, Chengfu Xu, Chaohui Yu, Qi Li, Christoph Meyer, Iryna Ilkavets, Alexandra Müller, Carolin Stump-Guthier, Stefan Munker, Roman Liebe, Vincent Zimmer, Frank Lammert, Peter R. Mertens, Hai Li, Peter ten Dijke, Hellmut G. Augustin, Jun Li, Bin Gao, Matthias P. Ebert, Steven Dooley, Youming Li, Hong-Lei Weng

Date Published: 1st Jul 2016

Publication Type: Not specified

Evolving Insights on Metabolism, Autophagy, and Epigenetics in Liver Myofibroblasts.

Abstract (Expand)

Liver myofibroblasts (MFB) are crucial mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in liver fibrosis. They arise mainly from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) upon a process termed "activation." … To a lesser extent, and depending on the cause of liver damage, portal fibroblasts, mesothelial cells, and fibrocytes may also contribute to the MFB population. Targeting MFB to reduce liver fibrosis is currently an area of intense research. Unfortunately, a clog in the wheel of antifibrotic therapies is the fact that although MFB are known to mediate scar formation, and participate in liver inflammatory response, many of their molecular portraits are currently unknown. In this review, we discuss recent understanding of MFB in health and diseases, focusing specifically on three evolving research fields: metabolism, autophagy, and epigenetics. We have emphasized on therapeutic prospects where applicable and mentioned techniques for use in MFB studies. Subsequently, we highlighted uncharted territories in MFB research to help direct future efforts aimed at bridging gaps in current knowledge.

Authors: Z. C. Nwosu, H. Alborzinia, S. Wolfl, S. Dooley, Y. Liu

Date Published: 18th Jun 2016

Publication Type: Not specified

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